Special Grammar 『 동명사 : Gerund 』

1. 동명사의 형태


① 1음절어로 단모음 + 단자음으로 끝날 때.
* swim → swimming. run → running.
② 2음절어로서 후 강세어 (자음 하나 더)
* prefer → preferring.  omit -- omitting
③ -ie + ing → -ying. lie → lying. die → dying.
④ 기타: 어미가 c로 끝나는 단어가 [k]로 발음될 경우→k를 쓴 뒤에 ing.
어미가 발음되지 않는 e로 끝난 단어는 e를 생략하고 ing.
* mimic → mimicking. picnic → picnicking.
   smoke → smoking. decide → deciding.
◇예외: be → being. see → seeing.
            dye[dai] → dyeing. ; 염색하다.
 
2. 동명사의 기능: 동사의 성질, 명사적 역할.


동사의 원형에 ~ing가 붙어서 명사의 구실을 하는 것이 동명사이다. 따라서,

동명사는 주어, 목적어, 보어 등이 될 수 있다. 한편, 동명사는 동사 본래의


특성도 가지고 있어서 완료형과 수동태를 만들 수 있고 부사, 목적어, 보어를


수반할 수도 있다.  
1) 명사적 역할

① 주어자리.

* Seeing is believing.

            (백 번 듣는 것보다는 한번 보는 것이 낫다.) 

* Making much money is not the end aim of life.
* It is very pleasant walking in the country. (진주어)

② 명사보어자리. (주어 = 명사보어)

*  My hobby is collecting stamps.                           

            (나의 취미는 우표를 수집하는 일이다.)      

* He is collecting stamps. (현재분사)
* It is throwing your money away.
(그것은 돈을 버리는 일이다. 즉, 쓸데없는 낭비다.)
③ 목적어자리.

   a. 타동사의 목적어

              * I like reading a biography.                                
 

               (나는 전기를 읽는 것을 좋아한다.)
 

             b. 전치사의 목적어
 

              * I am fond of fishing.
 

              (나는 낚시를 좋아한다.) 

* I don't like playing baseball.
* I found it unpleasant walking in the rain.
* Thank you for your answering so promptly.
△동사 answering은 전치사 for의 목적어이며(명사적 성질), 그리고
so promptly에 의해 수식(동사적 성질)되고 있다. 또 your가 동명사
앞에 있다.

2) 동사적 특성


  ① 완료형을 만들 수 있다.
 

      He denied having taken it out of the room.
 

      (= He denied that he had taken it out of room.)
 

      (그는 방에서 그것을 가지고 나간 일이 없다고 말했다.)

  ② 수동태를 취할 수 있다.
 

      I don't like being asked questions.
 

      (나는 질문 받는 일을 좋아하지 않는다.)

  ③ 부사, 목적어, 보어 등을 수반할 수 있다.
 

      We don't like his coming with us. (부사구 수반)
 

      (우리는 그가 우리와 함께 가는 것을 원치 않는다.)
 

      She is proud of her son's being clever. (보어 수반)
 
3. 동명사와 현재분사의 구별
* a  sleeping car = a car for sleeping. (침대차) : 동명사
   a sleeping  child = a child who is sleeping. : 현재분사
◇동명사로 쓰이면 목적이나 용도 ∼하기 위하여, 현재분사는 상태나 동
작으로 ∼하고 있는...
◇동사원형 + ing + 명사에서 목적(∼하기 위하여)으로 번역하여 문맥이
통하면 동명사이며 상태나 동작으로 통하면 현재분사이다.

 
4. 동명사의 의미상의 주어
* That she come here was surprising.
= For her to come here was surprising. (부정사구문)
= Her coming here was surprising. (동명사구문)
◇동명사의 의미상 주어가 명사일 땐 소유격이나 목적격 모두 가능.
의미상의 주어가 무생물이면 일방적으로 목적격. 동명사의 의미상의
주어가 일반인을 나타낼 땐 의미상의 주어를 생략.
* Studying English is no easy task. (의미상의 주어 생략 - 일반인)
* He insist that he should attend the party.
= He insist on (upon) attending the party. (his를 생략)
◇ insist는 주장하다의 뜻이므로 that∼ 에서는 반드시 should + 동사
원형을 쓰며 접속사 that은 생략, on이나 upon을 쓴 뒤 he는 본주어
와 같으므로 attending을 씀.
◇동명사 attending의 의미상 주어가 생략되었다는 것은 본주어와 같다.
* He insist that Tom should attend the party. (복문)
= He insist on (upon) Tom('s) attending the party. (단문)
→ that 생략, on 또는 upon을 쓴 뒤 that 다음의 주어가 본주어와 다르므로

Tom을 Tom's 또는 Tom 등으로 고친 뒤 조동사 should 생략.
 
5. 동명사의 시제
* 형태.
| 원형동사| 단순동명사 | 단순수동동명사 | 완료형동명사 | 완료형수동동명사     |
| be         | being         | 無                     | having been  | 無(자동사이므로)     |
| write      | writing        | being written    | having written| having been written |
| make     | making       | being made     | having made | having been made   |
| 본동사의 시제와 동일                            | 본동사보다 하나 더 과거시제             |
* He is proud that he is a poet. (복문)
= He is proud of being a poet. (단문)
◇접속사 that을 생략하고 of를 쓸 것. that∼의 주어 he는 본 주어와
같으므로 생략.
◇미래동작을 의미하는 형용사, 동사, 명사 등의 다음에 오는 that절에
미래시제가 오고 본동사가 현재시제일지라도 단순동명사를 사용.
* There is no hope that of his succeeding.
→ There is no hope that he will succeed.
◇ remember, forget 등의 다음에는 완료형 동명사 대신 단순동명사를
사용할 것, remember 다음에 부정사가 오면 미래시제를 쓴다.

* I remember that I saw her.
= I remember having seen her. (×)
= I remember seeing her. (○)
* I am sure of his being a man of ability.
(나는 그가 유능한 사람임을 확신한다; 시제는 본동사와 일치)
= I am sure that he is a man of ability.
* I am sure of his having been a man of ability in his youth.
(나는 그가 젊었을 때는 유능한 사람이었다고 확신한다; 동명사의
완료형, 시제가 본동사보다 하나 앞선다.)
= I am sure that he was a man of ability in his youth.
* I don't like being asked to make a speech.
(나는 연설 부탁을 받는 것을 싫어한다; being asked는 수동태)
* I never heard of such a thing having been done.
(나는 그런 일이 이루어졌다고는 들어보지 못했다.)
= I never heard that such a thing had been done.
 
6. 동명사와 부정사
①동사의 특성에 따라 어떤 동사는 동명사만을 혹은 어떤 동사는 부정사
만을 목적어로 취한다.
ⓐ동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.
: mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, admit, consider,
deny, postpone, practice 등...
△ I finished writing my composition.
ⓑ부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.
: wish, hope, care, choose, expect, refuse, decide, mean, plan 등...
△ I hope to see you again.
②동명사와 부정사를 모두 목적어로 취하나 의미가 달라지는 동사.
ⓐ remember, forget + ∼ ing: 과거의 일.
remember, forget + 부정사: 미래의 일.
* I remember to see him. (만날 것)
I remember seeing him. (만난 것)
* I forget posting the letter. (나는 편지 부쳤던 일을 잊고 있다.)
Don't forget to post the letter. (편지 부칠 것을 잊지 마세요.)
ⓑ stop + 동명사 : ∼하는 것을 그만두다.
stop + 부정사 : ∼하기 위해 가던 길을 멈추다.
* I stopped smoking.
I stopped to smoke.
ⓒ try + 동명사 : 시험 삼아 ∼하다.
try + 부정사 : ∼하려고 시도하다.
* He tried moving the piano.(그는 시험 삼아 피아노를 옮겼다; 옮김)
He tried to move the piano. (그는 피아노를 옮기려고 시도했다; 옮기지 않음)

ⓓ go on + 동명사 : 계속해서 ∼하다.
go on + 부정사 : 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
* He went on talking about his accident.
(그는 줄 곧 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)
He went on to talk about his accident.
(그는 잠시 쉬었다가 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)
 
7. There is no + ∼ ing: ∼을 할 수 없다.
* There is no knowing what may happen.
= It is impossible to know what may happen.
= We cannot know what may happen.
= 무슨 일이 일어날지 알 수 없다.
* There is no trusting him.
= It is impossible to trust him.
= We cannot trust him.
 
8. It is no use + ∼ ing : ∼해도 소용없다.
* It is no use(good) crying over spilt milk.
= It is ..of no use ..to cry over spilt milk.
          (=useless)
= There is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.
= What is the use (the point) of crying over spilt milk?
 
9. of one's own + ∼ ing : 자기가 직접 ∼하는
* This is a picture of my own painting.
which I have painted myself.
(which is) painted by myself. (p.p + by oneself)
 
10. It goes without saying that health is above wealth.
It is needless to say
It is a matter of course
It is not too much to say
= 건강이 부보다 중요하다는 것은 두말할 필요가 없다.
 
11. cannot help ∼ing : ∼하지 않을 수 없다.
cannot but + 동사원형: ∼할 수  밖에 없다.
* I cannot help admiring his courage.
 
12. on + ∼ ing, in + ∼ ing
* on + ∼ ing = as soon as (when) + 주어 +동사:∼하자마자. ∼할 때.
   in + ∼ ing = when + 주어 + 동사: ∼할 때에는.
* As soon as he received the letter he turned pale.
= On (his) receiving the letter, he turned pale.
= He had no sooner received the letter than he turned pale.
               scarcely                                when
               hardly                                    before

= No sooner had he received the letter, than he turned pale.
   Scarcely                                             when
   Hardly                                                 before
 
13. cannot too: 아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다.
* We cannot be too careful when we choose friends.
= We cannot be too careful in choosing friends.
 
14. Want, Need + 능동동명사
* Want + 능동동명사 (○)
   Need 수동동명사 (×)
  Require 수동부정사 (○) → ∼을 필요로 한다. ∼을 해야 한다.
* His house needs being painted. (×)
wants painting. (○)
requires to be painted. (○)
 
15. 동명사의 관용적 용법 Ⅰ
① be busy with + 명사.
(in) + ∼ ing. : ∼하는데 분주하다. 바쁘다.
* I am busy with my task.
* She was busy (in) tidying up his desk.
② feel like + ∼ ing.
feel inclined + to do : ∼하고 싶은 생각이 나다.
* I feel like sleeping now.
= I feel inclined to sleep now.
    am disposed to
③ What do you say to + ∼ ing? : ∼하는 게 어때?
* Let's play baseball after lunch, shall we?
= How about playing baseball after lunch?
 = What about    〃                 〃
= What do you say to playing baseball after lunch.
= What do you think about playing baseball after lunch.
◇ Let's로 시작되는 부가의문문은 shall we?
④ be on the point of + ∼ ing: ∼하려는 찰라다, 막 ∼하려고 하다.
* He was on the point of being drowned.
on the verge of
on the brink of
on the edge of
= He was about to be drowned.
⑤ cannot ∼ without … ing: …않고 ∼하는 일을 없다.
cannot ∼ but …(S+V) : …하면 반드시 ∼하다.

* Whenever I met him, I think of his brother.
= I never meet him without thinking of his brother.
= I never meet him but I think of his brother.
= 그를 만날 때 마다 그의 동생이 생각나다.
⑥ be worth ∼ing
= be worth while + 동명사, 부정사
= be worthy of + 동명사, 명사
= ∼할만한 가치가 있다.
* This is worth while to read this book.
= It is worth while to read this book.
 
16. 관용적 용법 Ⅱ
① make a point of + ∼ ing : ∼을 규칙으로 하다.
* I make a point of getting up early.
= I am in the habit of getting up early.
= It is my rule to get up early.
= I make it a rule to get up early.
② come near + ∼ ing.
go near + ∼ ing.
nearly escape + ∼ ing. : 하마터면 ∼할 뻔하다.
* He came near being drowned.
③ not A but B = instead of + ∼ ing = not only A but also B
= besides + ∼ ing
in addition to
* She is not shy, but unsocial.
= Instead of being shy, she is unsocial.
* He is not only brave, but also wise.
= Besides being brave he is wise.
 
17. To + ∼ ing
① be opposed to
object to + ∼ ing : ∼을 반대하다.
have an objection to
* I am very much opposed to going there.
* Have you any objection to my wearing this suit?
② contribute to + ∼ ing : ∼에 공헌하다. 기여하다.
* He contributed to the growth of the city.
③ turn one's attention to + ∼ ing (명사) : ∼에 주의를 돌리다.
∼에 관심을 갖다.
* He did not turn his attention to making a fortune until he was forty.
(그는 40이 되고나서야 재산 모으는데 관심을 가졌다.)
④ with a view to + ∼ ing : ∼하기 위하여. (for the purpose)
* I study English with a view to going abroad.
⑤ be equal to + ∼ ing : ∼할 능력이 있다.
* I am equal to doing the task.
⑥ devote A to B(동명사)
dedicate : A를 B에 바치다.
* He devoted all his time to studying history.
⑦ be use to + ∼ ing.
be accustomed to + 동사원형(동명사) : ∼에 익숙하다.
* I am used to playing the piano.
= I am accustomed to playing (또는 play) the piano.
⑧ what do you say to + ∼ ing : ∼하는 게 어때?
* What do you say to playing tennis with me?
⑨ take to + ∼ ing : ∼에 빠지다, 정이 들다.
* He took to writing after he retired from the college.
⑩ look forward to + ∼ ing : ∼을 기대하다, 고대하다.
* I am looking forward to seeing you again.
① fall to + ∼ ing = begin to + 동사원형 : ∼을 시작하다.
* They fell to discussing the serious problem.
 
18. 동명사 구문의 문장 전환 Ⅰ
① insist that + 주어 + 동사 = insist on + ∼ ing: ∼을 주장하다.
* I insisted he should be invited to the party.
= I insisted on his being invited to the party.
② decide that + 주어 + 동사 = decide on + ∼ ing: ∼하기로 결정하다
* My father decided that I should marry her.
= My father decided on my marrying her.
③ hear, think, complain, know, dream + that + 주어 + 동사
= hear, think, complain, know, dream + of + ∼ ing
* I am glad to hear that you have succeeded.
= I am glad to hear of your having succeeded.
④ repent that + 주어 + 동사 = repent + (of) + ∼ ing.
* He repent that he was idle in his youth.
= He repents (of) having been idle in his youth.
⑤ suggest, deny, regret, like + that + 주어 + 동사
= suggest, deny, regret, like + ∼ ing. (타동사이므로 전치사×)
* I suggested that we should play tennis.
= I suggested our playing tennis.
 
19. 문장전환 Ⅱ
① be sorry that + 주어 + 동사 = be sorry for + ∼ ing
:∼에 대해 유감이다.(미안,감사,벌,꾸중 등을 나타낼 땐 이유전치사 for를 사용)
* I am sorry that I offended you.
= I am sorry for having offended you.

② scold, blame A for B: B 때문에 A를 꾸짖다. 나무라다.
* He scolded me that I had neglected my duty.
= He scolded me for having neglected my duty.
③ punish A for B: B 때문에 A를 벌주다.
④ be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + of + ∼ ing
* I am glad that my brother passed the exam.
= I am glad of my brother having passed the exam.
⑤ be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + of + ∼ ing
: ∼을 확신하다.
* I am sure that he will live to eight.
= I am sure of his living to eighty.
⑥ be aware (conscious) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be aware (conscious) + of + ∼ ing : ∼을 알다.
* He was conscious that the matter was important.
= He was conscious of the matter being important.
 
20. 동격명사절의 문장전환
◇주로 동격 명사절을 이끄는 문장.
* fact(사실), doubt(의심), evidence(증거), chance(기회), report(보
고), rumor(소문), proof(증거), hope(희망), news(소식), idea(생각),
certainty(확실), suggestion(제안), possibility = probability =
likelihood(가능성, 가망), conclusion(결론)
* The fact that he is honest is known to everybody.
= The fact of his being honest is known to everybody.
his honesty
◇동격명사절인 that∼는 주어나 목적어, 보어 등이 생략되지 않은 완
전한 문장.
 
21. 풀어 볼 문제...
①각 문장의 틀린 부분을 고쳐라.
ⓐ He insisted to go for a drive.
ⓑ The rain prevented me to go to the party.
ⓒ Are you sure of he will come?
ⓓ No one has ever succeeded to explain this phenomenon.
ⓔ Exercise strengthens instead of weakens the body.
ⓕ She came near to be drowned.
ⓖ I objected to be treated like that.
ⓗ I don't care running the risk.
ⓘ She devoted herself to look after him.
ⓙ You will have to speak a little louder. He is hard to hear.
ⓚ He is above to do such a mean thing.
ⓛ He regrets being not able to help me.
②다음 각 문항의 뜻의 차이를 말하여라.
ⓐ I hate lying.
I hate to lie.
ⓑ I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
ⓒ He is sure of success.
He is sure of to succeed.
③공란을 적당한 단어로 채워라
ⓐ This picture is ( ) her own painting.
ⓑ This book is ( ) reading intensively.
ⓒ The glass is very brittle; It wants ( ) with care.