Special Grammar 『 태 : Voice 』

1. 수동태와 능동태
① 태의 의미 : 동작의 관점의 차이에 의해 생기는 동사의 표현 형식을 태라고 한다.
능동태: 동작을 하는 쪽에 중점을 둠.
수동태: 동작을 받는 쪽에 중점을 둠.


△{능동태 → 수동태}


I	visited	him.
He	was visited	by me.
(능동태의 목적어)	(be동사+p.p)	(by+능동태 주어의 목적격)



(1) 능동태의 목적어를 주격으로 바꾸어 수동태의 주어로 한다

(2) 능동태의 동사를 「be동사+과거분사」로 바꾼다. be동사는 수동태의

주어와 인칭, 수에 따라서 바뀌고, 시제는 능동태의 시제와 일치시킨다.

(3) 능동태의 주어는 「by+목적격」의 형태로 수동태의 술어동사 다음에 온다.

(4) 「by~」(행위자)를 생략하는 경우:수동태에서 「by+목적격」이 생략되는 경우가 있다.

* He wrote this letter. (능동태)
主 + 動 + 目
This letter was written by him. (수동태)
主 + 動 + 副詞句


* He wrote a book.

→A book was written by him.

* His parents love him.

→He is loved by his parents.

* All the people in the world admire Kennedy. (능동태)
(모든 세상 사람들이 케네디를 칭찬한다.)
= Kennedy is admired by all the people in the world. (수동태)
(케네디는 모든 세상 사람들에 의해 칭찬 받는다.)
②수동태로 쓸 수 없는 동사 : 목적어가 있는 문장이라고 모두 수동태로
바뀌지는 않는다.
have(가지고있다), resemble, lack, become 등은 수동태가 안되는 동사들이다.
△She resembles her mother. → Her mother is resembled by her.(×)
△let, have를 수동태로 할 때 → let - be allowed to, have - be asked to.
* He had me sing. → I was asked to sing by him.
He let me go. → I was allowed to go by him.

2. [By + 행위자]를 표시하지 않는 경우
①행위자가 일반적인 사람일 때. (We, You, They, One, People등일 경우)
* English is spoken in Hongkong (by them)

* We see stars at night.

(우리는 밤에 별을 본다.)

→Stars are seen at night (by us).

* They speak French in France.

(프랑스에서는 불어를 쓴다.)

→French is spoken in France (by them).

* One should keep one's word.

(사람은 약속을 지켜야 한다.)

→One's word should be kept(by one)

②행위자가 명백하지 않을 때, 또는 누군지 알 수 없을 때.

* He was killed in the war. (그는 전사했다.)

* The house was built twenty years ago.

(저 집은 20년 전에 지어졌다.)

* The house was built in 1470 (by somebody).
③행위자가 누군지 표현할 필요가 없을 때.
* Mary and I were invited to Jane's house.

* Something has been said here tonight that

ought not to have been spoken.

(말하지 말아야 할 것을 오늘 밤 여기서 말했다.)

3. 수동태의 시제

(1) 능동태의 술어동사가 현재일 때


The king loves his daughter very much.


→His daughter is loved very much by the king.


He loves his sons.


→His sons are loved by him.


(2) 술어 동사가 과거일 때


Jack built the house. (잭이 그 집을 지었다.)


→The house was built by Jack.


Jane broke the toys. (제인이 그 장난감들을 부쉈다.)


→The toys were broken by Jane.


(3) 술어동사가 미래일 때


Jack will build the house.


→The house will be built by Jack.

(그 집은 잭에 의해 지어질 것이다.)


The teacher will punish John.


(그 선생님은 죤에게 벌을 줄 것이다.)


→John will be punished by the teacher.



(4) 술어동사가 현재 완료일 때


Two men have painted our house.


→Our house has been painted by two men.


(우리 집은 두 남자에 의해 칠이 되었다.)


(5) 술어동사가 과거완료일 때


Jack had made the box.


→The box had been made by Jack.


(6) 술어동사가 미래완료일 때


Jack will have finished the work.


→The work will have been finished by Jack.


(7) 술어동사가 진행형일 때


Two men are[were] painting our house.


→Our house is [was] being painted by two men.



(8) 술어동사가 조동사와 함께 쓰일 때


John can solve the problem.


→The problem can be solved by John.

4. 4형식의 수동태
◇4형식의 문장은 대개 간접목적어를 주어로 하든지, 직접목적어를 주어로
하여 두개의 수동태가 가능하다. 4형식의 수동태는 3형식의 문장이다.
* Tom gave me the book. (4형식)
→ I was given the book by Tom. (직.목을 주어로, 3형식)
→ The book was given me by Tom. (간.목을 주어로, 3형식)
→ The book was given to me by Tom. (1형식)
① I.O가 보류목적어가 될 때 : 일반적으로 I.O이 보류목적어가 될 땐 그 앞에 전치사
to, for, of 등을 사용.(S + V + I.O + D.O → S + V + D.O + pre +I.O)
* to 사용동사 : send, tell, lend, give, offer, bring, owe, teach, show,
write, read, 등...
* for 사용동사: buy, make, find, choose, get, cook, build 등...
* of 사용동사: ask, inquire, require 등...
△A letter was sent (to) me by him.
A watch was bought for me by him.
Some questions were asked of me by him.
② D.O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사 : write, make, get, bring,
carry, send, throw, pass, hand, read, sell, sing, do 등의 동사
는 D.O만 수동태의 주어가 될 수 있음.
△She made me a doll. → A doll was made for me by her.
I wrote him a letter. → A letter was written him by me.
③ I.O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사 : envy, call, kiss, answer,
save, spare 등은 I.O만 수동태의 주어가 됨.
△They envied him his luck. → He was envied his luck by them.

5. 5형식의 수동태

* We saw him break the window.


(우리는 그가 유리창을 깨는 것을 보았다.)


→He was seen to break the window by us.


* We heard him sing.


→He was heard to sing by us. (그가 노래하는 것이 들렸다.)


* We made her wash the dishes.


(우리는 그녀가 설겆이를 하게 했다.)


→She was made to wash the dishes by us.

* They elected him chairman. (5형식)
→ He was elected chairman (by them). (2형식)
◇5형식 → 2형식 수동태로 바꾸는데 있어 지각, 사역동사가 쓰이면
목적보어는 원형부정사를 쓴다.
△I saw him enter the room.
→ He was seen to enter the room by me.
* 일반인을 나타내는 we, you, one, they, people, someone, somebody 등
은 수동태에서는 보통 생략하며, 보어는 주어가 될 수 없다.

6. 5종 기본형식문 (Active ↔ Passive)

[1형식] Spring has come. [없음]
[2형식] It is warm in spring. [없음]
[3형식] He wrote this book.

→ [1형식] This book was written by him.
[4형식] He told me the story.

→ [1형식] The story was told me by him.
(능동태 직접목적어를 주어로 한 것)
[3형식] I was told the story by him.
(능동태 간접목적을 주어로 한 것)
[5형식] People elected him president.

→ [2형식] He was elected president by people.

7. 보어가 원형부정사인 수동태
◇술부동사가 지각동사 또는 사역동사일 경우, 원형부정사는 수동태에서는
[to 있는 부정사]가 된다.
* We saw him enter the room.
→ He was seen to enter the room.
* We heard him sing.
→ He was heard to sing.

8. 합성동사의 수동태
◇합성동사는 수동태에서 한 단위로 취급된다.
①자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* He laughed at me. (3형식)
→ I was laughed at by him. (1형식)
②타동사 + 추상명사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* They took good care of the child. (3형식)
→ The child was taken good care of (by them). (1형식)
→ Good care was taken of the child (by him).
③동사 + 부사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* The villagers looked up to the doctor. (3형식)
→ The doctor was looked up to by the villagers. (1형식)
◇ speak well of, be well spoken of의 형태.
* They speak well of Mary.
→ Mary is spoken well of (by them). (×)
→ Mary is well spoken of (by them). (○)

9. 목적어가 명사절인 수동태
◇가주어 It를 내세우든지, that절 속의 주어를 수동태의 주어로 한다.
(본동사 시제 = that절 동사 시제 → 단순부정사.
본동사 시제보다 that절 동사 시제가 하나 더 과거 → 완료부정사.)
* They say that he is honest.
→ That he is honest is said (by them).
→ It is said (by them) that he is honest.
→ He is said to be honest (by them).

(사람들은 그가 정직하다고들 한다.)
* They say that he was honest.
→ It is said (by them) that he was honest.
→ He is said to have been honest (by them).

10. 의문문 수동태
◇의문문을 수동태로 고칠 경우는 평서문 → 수동태 → 의문문으로 바꾸어
가면 이해가 쉽다.
* Did you plant this tree?
→ You planted this tree. (평서문)
→ This tree was planted by you. (수동태)
→ Was this tree planted by you? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* Who saw the accident?
→ Who saw the accident. (평서문; 非문장)
→ The accident was seen by whom. (수동태; 非문장)

* Who brought the flower? (누가 그 꽃을 가져왔느냐?)

→ By whom was the flower brought?

→ By whom was the accident seen? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* What did he write on the blackboard?
→ What was written on the blackboard by him?

11. 명령문 수동태
◇[Let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사]의 형태를 사용한다.
* Do it at once.
→ Let it be done at once.
* Don't touch the stone.
→ Don't let the stone be touched.
→ Let the stone not be touched.
△명령문의 부정은 두 가지가 있다.
[Don't let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사]
[Let + 목적어 + not + be + 과거분사]

12. 부정문 수동태
* no ↔ not + any. * nobody ↔ not + anybody.
* never ↔ not + ever. * nothing ↔ not + anything.
* neither ↔ not + either. * no one ↔ no + anyone.
◇ not은 항상 문두로 가려는 성질이 있음.
* Anyone can not solve the problem. (×)
→ No one can solve the problem. (○)

13. 동작의 행위를 나타내는 전치사
◇능동문의 주어는 수동태에서 대개 전치사구로 나타나는데 그 때의 대표
적인 전치사는 by이지만, 동사에 따라 다른 전치사가 오는 경우가 있다.
* Snow covers the mountain.
→ The mountain is covered with snow.
* Everybody knows the poet.
→ The poet is known to everybody.
△A man is known by the company he keeps.
* His sudden death surprised me.
→ I was surprised at his sudden death.
△기쁨, 슬픔, 놀람 따위의 감정을 나타내는 동사는 보통 수동태로
나타내며, 여기 수반하는 전치사는 대개 at, with 이다.
I am pleased with my students.
I am satisfied with the result.
I was astonished at his conduct.
* This book interests me.
→ I am interested in this book.
△I was tired from the work.
I was tired of my quiet life.
The street is crowded with a lot of people.

14. 수동태가 주로 사용될 때
①능동태의 주어가 분명하지 않을 때.
* He was killed during the war.
②수동태의 주어가 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 때.
* Spanish is spoken in Mexico, too.
③능동태의 주어보다 수동태 주어에 관심이 클 때.
* Mr. Truman was elected president again.

④수동의 의미가 거의 없이 자동사로 느껴지는 경우.
ⓐ종사, 위치, 사망, 출생의 동사.
* I am now engaged in writing a book.
◇be absorbed in: ∼에 몰두하다.
be situated = be located: ∼에 위치하다.
ⓑ익사, 피해, 탈선, 부상의 동사.
* The river drowned him. (×)
→ He was drowned in the river. (○)
⑤앞문장과의 연결상으로.
* He made a speech and was asked many questions at the end.
(그는 연설을 했다. 그리고 그 연설 끝에 많은 질문을 받았다.)
⑥행위자를 나타내지 않는 것이 좋다고 생각될 때.
* Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
(말하지 말았어야 할 것을 오늘 밤 여기에서 몇 가지 말했다.)

15. 동작 수동태와 상태 수동태
* Our house is painted every year. (동작)
= We paint our house every year.
* Our house is painted green. (상태)
= We have painted our house green.
* The door is shut at seven every evening. (동작)
* The door is shut now. (상태)

16. 주의할 수동태

① 형식은 능동이나 뜻은 수동인 경우


This novel sells well.


(이 소설은 잘 팔린다.)


This orange peels well.


(이 오렌지는 껍질이 잘 벗겨진다.)


His poems read well.


(그의 시는 잘 읽힌다.)


② 형식은 수동이나 뜻은 능동인 경우


I was surprised at the news.


(나는 그 소식에 놀랐다.); 형식은 수동이나 뜻은 능동이다.
특히 감정을 나타내는 말에 많다.

③「had+목적어+과거분사」: ~을 당하다. …을 ∼시키다.

「get+목적어+과거분사」

　

I had my watch stolen.


(나는 시계를 도난당했다.)


I got my arm broken.


(나는 팔이 부러졌다.)


I had my watch mended. (시키다)
④ This house is building.
= This house is being built. (이 집은 건축 중에 있다.)
The meal is now cooking.
* He is to blame.
= He is to be blamed.
△a book to read = a book to be read.
a house to let: 셋집.
water to drink: 음료수.
* He sold the watch a at a good price. (3형식)
* His new novel sells well. (1형식)
◇ sell, lock, read, translate, peel 등의 동사는 형태는 능동이나
의미는 수동의 뜻을 나타내는 경우도 있다.

17. 시초수동
* I am acquainted with him. (상태)
* I became acquainted with him at the party. (동작의 시초)
◇ be acquainted with ∼: "∼을 알고 있다"의 뜻으로 현재의 상태
를 나타내고 있는데 반하여 be 동사 대신에 "become, grow, get +
과거분사" 의 형태가 되면 [ ∼하게 되다]의 뜻으로 어떤 일이 일어
나는 시초나 동기를 나타내므로 시초수동이라고 한다.