Special Grammar 『 법 : Mood 』
1). 법의 종류
◇말하는 사람의 심리 태도에 의한 동사의 표현 형식을 법이라 하며, 직설법,
명령법, 가정법이 있다.
* I am thirsty. (직설법)
* Give me something to drink. (명령법)
* I wish I had something to drink. (가정법)
2). 법의 형식과 용법
1.명령법
①명령법은 동사의 원형을 사용한다. 명령은 상대방에게 하므로 주어 You를
생략하는 것이 보통이지만, 특히 상대방의 주의를 끌려고 할 때는 사용한다.
* You read the first paragraph, John.
* And mind you don't forget to post the letter.
②명령법은 접속사 and, or와 관련하여 조건을 나타낸다.
ⓐ명령법 + and
Hurry up, and you will be in time.
= If you hurry up, you will be in time.
ⓑ명령법 + or
Hurry up, or you will be late.
= If you do not hurry up, you will be late.
= Unless you hurry up, you will be late.
③ Let him go there.
Let each man do his best.
◇명령법에는 let를 사용하는 형식이 있다. 1인칭, 3인칭에 관하여 든지
혹은 권유를 하는 형식이다.
△Let us ∼. 의 형식에는 다음과 같은 구별이 있다.
Let us go. (갑시다) … 권유
Let us go. (저희들을 보내 주시오) … 허가
△Let에는 3인칭에 대한 명령을 나타내는 주의할 용법이 있다.
Let each man do his best.
= Each man should do his best. (각자 자기의 최선을 다하라.)
2. 가정법 현재
If + S + Root(현재), S + will, shall, can, may + Root |
* If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go.
* If he is honest, I will employ him. (조건절)
* If he is honest, I will not employ him. (양보절, ∼할지라도)
3. 가정법 미래
: If＋주어＋should ~의 가정법 미래 구문
「If＋주어＋should ~」는「혹시라도 ~한다면」의 뜻으로 일어날 가능성이
별로 없는 일을 가정한다. 이때 if절의 조동사 should는 항상 should이며,
주절에 쓰이는 동사는 제한 없이 쓰일 수 있다.
If I should fail again, I would try again.
(만약 다시 실패한다면, 나는 또 다시 해 볼 것이다.)
If such a thing should happen, what shall we do?
(혹시라도 그런 일이 일어난다면, 우리는 어떻게 하지?)
If anyone should call on me, tell him I am not at home.
(만약 누구든 나를 찾아오는 사람이 있으면 내가 집에 없다고 말해 주세요.)
If he should lose his job, what would he do?
(만약 그가 일자리를 잃는다면, 그는 무엇을 할까?)
If it should rain tomorrow, he will be disappointed.
(만일 내일 비가 온다면 그는 실망할 것이다.)
What will happen, if the building should take fire?
(혹시라도 그 건물에 불이 난다면 어떻게 될까?)
If＋주어＋were to＋동사원형 ~, 주어＋would / should / could / might＋동사원형
「If＋주어＋were to＋동사원형 ~, 주어＋would/should/could/ might＋동사원형」
은「(그럴 리가 없겠지만) 만약 ~한다면 …할 것이다」의 뜻으로, 실현 가능성이
아주 희박하거나 실현 불가능한 일을 가정한다.
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would change my mind.
(해가 서쪽에서 뜬다면, 나는 마음을 바꿀 것이다.)
If I were to be born again, I would become a doctor.
내가 다시 태어난다면, 나는 의사가 될 것이다.)
If man were to live forever, we should be faced with a lot of problems.
(인간이 영원히 산다면, 우리는 많은 문제에 직면하게 될 것이다.)
If the sea were to rise 500 feet, India would become an island.
(만일 바다가 500피트나 높아진다면 인도는 섬이 될 것이다.)
* If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come.
◇ 조동사 + should 문두로 도치: If를 생략시.
* If + 주어 + were to∼, 주어 + would, should + 동사원형.
could, might
* If the sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the earth?
◇ 가정법 미래의 조건절에 were to∼를 사용하면 전혀 불가능 한 일 또는
미래의 의혹 등을 나타내며 주절에는 would, should 등만 가능. will, shall
등은 사용할 수가 없음.
4. 가정법 과거
If+S+과거동사(were to) , S+would,should,could,might+Root |
* As I am ill, I cannot go there. (직설법 현재)
= If I were not ill, I could go there. (가정법 과거)
= Were I not ill, I could go there. (if 생략)
= But for (=Without ) my illness, I could go there.
= If it were not for my illness, I could go there.
◇ But for, Without은 전치사구로서 "∼이 없다면" 의 뜻. 다음에는
반드시 명사나 동명사형을 사용해야 한다.
가정법 과거에서 If it were not for∼ (만일 ∼이 없다면)로 고칠 수 있음.
◇ It is (high) time (that) + S + 과거동사 ⇒ 긴급사항, 당연, 필요, 재촉.
* It is time (that) you went to bed.
= It is time (that) you should go to bed.
= It is time for you to go to bed.
* If I were a bird, I would fly to you. (가정법 과거)
= As I am not a bird, I do not fly to you. (직설법 현재)
5. 가정법 과거완료
If+S+had+p.p , S+would,should,could,might+have+p.p |
* As you helped me, I did not fail. (직설법 과거)
= If you had not helped me, I would have fail. (가정법 과거완료)
= Had you not helped me, I would have failed. (If 생략시)
= But for (Without) your help, I would have failed.
= If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
◇ 과거사실의 정반대를 가정할 땐 가정법 과거완료 형식인
If + 주 + had + p.p, 주어 + would(should...) + have + p.p
◇ but for, without가 가정법 과거에서 쓰이면 if it were not for(만일 ∼이 없다면)
로 고쳐지며 가정법 과거완료에서 쓰이면 if it had not been for(만일 ∼이 없었더
라면)로 고쳐짐.
◇ 조건절에서 접속사 if가 생략되면 be동사와 조동사는 바로 주어 앞으로 도치되며
일반동사는 조동사 did가 문두로 도치됨.
6. But for, Without
without은「~이 없다면」,「~이 없었다면」의 뜻으로 but for와 바꾸어 쓸 수
있으며 가정법 과거에서는 If it were not for ~로,
가정법 과거완료에서는 If it had not been for ~로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다.
●「~이 없다면 ...할 것이다」
= But for ~, 주어＋would/should/could/might＋동사원형
= If it were not for ~, 주어＋would/should/could/might＋동사원형
Without the sun, nothing could live on the earth
(태양이 없다면 지구상에는 아무 것도 살 수 없을 것이다.)
= But for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
= If it were not for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
Without water, all living things would die.
(물이 없다면, 모든 생물은 죽을 것이다.)
= But for water, all living things would die.
= If it were not for water, all living things would die.
Without food, no one could live.
(음식이 없다면, 아무도 살 수가 없다.)
= But for food, no one could live.
= If it were not for food, no one could live.
But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.
(태양열이 없으면 아무도 살 수 없을 것이다.)
●「~이 없었다면 …했을 것이다」
Without ~, 주어＋would/should/could/might＋have＋과거분사
= But for ~, 주어＋would/should/could/might＋have＋과거분사
= If it had not been for ~, 주어＋would/should/could/might＋have＋과거분사
Without my advice, he could not have finished the report.
(내 충고가 아니었다면, 그는 보고서를 끝낼 수 없었을 것이다.)
= But for my advice, he could not have finished the report.
= If it had not been for my advice, he could not have finished the report.
Without his help, I would have failed.
(그의 도움이 없었다면, 나는 실패했을 것이다.)
= But for his help, I would have failed.
= If it had not been for his help, I would have failed.
Without her, they couldn’t have survived.
(그녀가 아니었다면, 그들은 살아 남지 못했을 것이다.)
= But for her, they couldn’t have survived.
= If it had not been for her, they couldn’t have survived.
Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.
(당신의 시기적절한 충고가 없었더라면, 그는 파멸했을 것이다.)
* But for, Without의 뜻은 주절에 의하여 결정된다.
◇But for his help, I couldn't succeed. (가정법 과거)
But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. (가정법 과거완료)
* but for와 비슷한 것으로 but that이 있는데, 그 다음에는 절이 오며,
또 직설법이 온다.
but that = unless
△But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
7. I wish + 가정법
● 가정법 과거 :
If + S + 동사의 과거형 or were ∼,
S + would( = should, could, might ) + 원형동사 ∼
● 가정법 과거완료 :
If + S + had + p.p∼ , S + would( = should, could, might ) + have p.p
1. I wish + S + 복수 과거동사
I wish I were a bird.
( I wish ∼ = Would that ∼ = If only∼ )
= I am sorry I am not a bird.
= It is a pity ∼
= I regret ∼
(내가 한 마리 새였으면...)
Ex) I wished I were a bird.
= I was sorry I was not a bird.
I wish I knew his address.
= I am sorry I don't know his address.
I wished I knew his address.
= I ( ) sorry I ( )his address.
2. I wish + S + had p.p
I wish I had learned English.
= I am sorry I did not learn English.
(내가 영어를 배웠으면...)
I wished I had learned English.
= I was sorry I had not learned English.
I wish I had read the book.
= I ( ) sorry I ( ) the book.
8. as if + 가정법
◇ as if + 주 + 복수 과거동사
as though = 가정법 과거 : 마치 ∼인 것 처럼
* He talks as if he knew everything.
= In fact he doesn't know everything.
* He talked as if he knew everything.
= In fact he did not know everything.
◇ as if + 주 + had + p.p
as though = 가정법 과거완료 : 마치 ∼였던 것 처럼
* He looks as if he had been ill.
= In fact he has not been ill.
* He looked as if he had been ill.
= In fact he had not been ill.
◇ 주절동사가 현재시제이면 as if∼는 과거 또는 현재완료를, 과거시제이면
과거완료시제를 각각 표시함.
9. 혼합 가정법
* As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.
= If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.
◇ 직설법 : as∼는 과거, 주절은 현재이면
가정법 : as절은 가정법 과거완료(had + p.p)로, 주절은 가정법 과거(would + 원형)로
10. 조건 접속사 . 구
◇ unless = if ∼ not : ∼하지 않는다면
in case (that) + 주 + 동 ∼할 경우에는
in case of + 명 : 만일 ∼한다면
in case ∼ should : ∼의 경우를 대비해서, ∼하면 안되니까
* A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young.
= A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caught young.
* In case of trouble, call for any help.
* Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
◇ provided (that)
providing (that) = on condition that : ∼하기만 한다면
so long as = if only
= suppose (that) = supposing (that) : ∼한다면 (if)
granted (that) 설령 ∼한다 할지라도
granting (that) (even if : 양보를 나타냄)
11. 조건절 상당어구 (전치사)
* With guns, we could defeat the enemy.
= If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.
12. 조건절 상당어구 (구)
* I would not do such a thing in your place.
= I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.
13. 조건절 상당어구 (단어)
* A Korean would not do such a thing.
= If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.
14. 조건절 상당어구 (접속사)
◇ I am engaged now, or → if I were not engaged now,
or else : 가 . 과 → 그렇지 않다면
otherwise 가 . 과 . 완 → 그렇지 않았더라면
I would accept your invitation.
◇ but that- 주 + 현재동사 : ∼이 없다면
expect that + 주 + 과거동사 : ∼이 없었더라면
* As I am poor, I can not go abroad.
= If I were not poor, I could go abroad.
= Were I not poor, I could go abroad.
= But that I am poor, I could go abroad.
◇ but that 다음엔 직설법이 오며 부정의 뜻이 포함되어 있으므로 not를
쓰면 틀린다. 주절이 가정법 과거이면 but that + 직설법 현재 형태
* but that + 직설법 현재, 주절 (could + 원형동사)
but that + 직설법 과거, 주절 (would + have p.p : 가정법 과거완료)
15. 조건을 포함하는 부정사와 분사
* I should be very glad to speak French : 가정법 과거
= I should be very glad if I could speak French.
* I should be happy to accompany you.
= I should be happy if I could accompany you.
(당신을 동반할 수 있다면 기쁘겠습니다.)
* The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
(이와 같은 일이 만약 전시에 일어난다면 큰 재난이 될 것이다.)
happening in wartime. (분사구문)
= if it should happen in wartime.
* Left to herself, she would have gone astray.
= If she had been left to herself, she ∼ .
16. 주절 또는 조건절의 생략
* I could have come yesterday (if I had wanted to come)
* What if they should be thieves?
= What would be the result if they should be thieves?
17. 언외(言外)에 가정의 뜻을 포함하는 고정된 표현어구.
◇이들은 주로 사양하는 겸손한 완곡 어법이다.
① I should say he was a great scholar. (그는 아마 대학자이죠)
△여기에서의 was는 should가 과거형이므로 시제의 일치에 의한 것.
② That would seem strange. (그는 아마 이상하게 보일 것입니다.)
△If you did not know the truth, (진상을 모르시면)의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
③ I should like to make a tour round the world.(나는 세계일주 여행을 하고 싶다.)
△If I could의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
should like to: ∼하고 싶다.
④ Would you mind lending me your car?
(미안하지만, 당신의 차를 좀 빌려 주시겠습니까?)
△If I could ask you의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
⑤ A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had dropped의 뜻이 숨어있다.)
I could do it now. (지금 그것을 하려면 할 수도 있다.)
△if I would의 뜻이 숨어있다.